Wednesday, June 27, 2012

Why We Have Allergies & How to Relieve Them Naturally

27th June 2012
By Jordan & Kyla Miller
Contributing Writers for Wake Up World
We have all suffered from allergies at one time or another; the persistent water eyes, sneezing, and runny nose always seem to take hold. ‘Why me?’ you may ask; well, I can’t directly answer that question for you, but I believe that I can help clear up some of the confusion as to why you may be experiencing some of the symptoms related to these so called “allergies”.
Many of us have tried different things (i.e. dietary changes and natural remedies) to alleviate those darn allergies, however, in most cases these things never really work for us. Most of us will even pop a pill to mask the symptoms as the symptoms are usually unbearable, and thus taking medication is the simplest solution. The problem is really with the many things that we do or do not do which contribute to the overall root cause of the allergy rather than the symptoms we exhibit as a result of the allergy. In light of this, we must determine from a rather fundamental standpoint why we are experiencing allergies in the first place.
The primary reason behind allergy symptoms is dehydration. Sure proper diet and lifestyle play an important part in well-being, however, the lack a water seems to be the very reason why so many of suffer from allergies. In fact, studies estimate that 75% of our population suffers many ill health effects as a result of chronic dehydration.
The Connection of Dehydration and Histamines
When trying to relieve the nagging symptoms of allergies, most people will typically reach for the over-the-counter antihistamine to alleviate the pain and suffering, but what they don’t realize is that they are only masking the symptoms, which will only make matters worse by not addressing the cause.
In Water: for Health, for Healing, for Life, author Dr. Batmanghelidj writes:
Histamine is an important neurotransmitter that primarily regulates thirst mechanism for increased water intake. It also establishes a system of water rationing for the available water in the drought-stricken body.
You see, when the body is lacking water, histamine production rapidly increases. The primary function of histamines is to make certain that the available water inside the body is preserved for vital functions. As a result, histamine production is not the absolute problem, rather it is the body’s response to the lack of water and thus, the body goes into survival mode.

Syngenta corporation faces criminal charges for covering up livestock deaths from GM corn

(NaturalNews) Biotechnology giant Syngenta has officially been outed for deliberately hiding data that proves the company's genetically-modified (GM) Bt 176 corn is directly responsible for killing livestock. Dr. Eva Sirinathsinghji writing for QW Magazine explains that Syngenta is now facing criminal charges for willfully concealing the results of an internal, company-run study on Bt 176 corn from 1996 that was abruptly ended when four cows died after just two days of consuming the "Frankencorn."

Gottfried Gloeckner, a German farmer from Woelfersheim, originally filed the suit roughly a decade after dozens of his own dairy cows died from exposure to Syngenta's Bt 176 corn. Gloeckner first began feeding his cattle Bt 176 corn as part of their diet back in 1997 when Syngenta gained government approval to run field trials of the crop on Gloeckner's property. And by 2000, Bt 176 corn was the only thing Gloeckner was feeding his cows.

As this transition from natural feed to GM feed was taking place, however, Gloeckner noticed that his cows were increasingly developing serious illnesses, many of which resulted in the animals' rapid death. By 2001, five of Gloeckner's cows had died, and another seven died by 2002, upon which Gloeckner decided to remove all GMOs from his livestock feed. But most of Gloeckner's remaining cows ended up suffering intestinal damage, decreased milk production, and other ailments that resulted in their having to be put down as well.
Rest of the article here

Tuesday, June 26, 2012

Scientists Sue Merck: allege fraud, mislabeling, and false certification of MMR vaccine. Suzanne Humphries, MD


This is the story of the MMR vaccine and two Merck scientists who filed a lawsuit in 2010 over Merck’s efforts to allegedly “defraud the United States through Merck’s ongoing scheme to sell the government a mumps vaccine that is mislabeled, misbranded, adulterated and falsely certified as having an efficacy rate that is significantly higher than it actually is.” Merck allegedly did this from 2000 onwards in order to maintain its exclusive license to sell the MMR vaccine and keep its monopoly of the US market.
Folks, if you haven’t already heard this elsewhere, this is HUGE news. HERE is Hilary Butler’s excellent account of the ordeal as well as both the 2010 and 2012official legal complaints.
In the complaint, the scientists outline in great detail exactly how Merck manipulated the efficacy results in order to be able to say they had a 95% effective vaccine so that they could meet the fairytale goal of vaccine-induced “herd immunity by 2010.” Well, it turns out that the vaccine could not meet the goal that CDC projected to eradicate mumps by 2010, BECAUSE the vaccine, in its current state cannot reliably confer immunity, and is in fact a dilute version of what it once was when Maurice Hilleman invented it using the virus of his five year old daughter. The same viral mumps strain has been in use in every mumps or MMR vaccine Merck has made since 1967.
In order to mass-produce live but non-infective vaccine virus, the “wild” virus from 1967 has had to be “passaged” through different cells or animals over and over and over. In that passaging, mutations take place that render the virus non-infective or “attenuated” but also, those many years of passaging the same original viral strain has lowered the antigenicity, or the antibody-stimulating capacity of the virus.
When testing was performed to show the efficacy (neutralizing antibody provoking potential) of the forty-year-old virus strain, for use in the newer combination mumps vaccines, Merck’s scientists could not produce a 95% efficacy rate.
Merck got the old virus to pass its new tests by doing three things. First they tested efficacy on the vaccine strain virus and not the wild virus as had previously been done. The testing is done by vaccinating children and testing the ability of their blood to neutralize the virus before and after the vaccine. There should be a marked difference between the two tests. For the new testing method, the children’s blood was tested for its ability to neutralize the virus, using the vaccine strain virus, instead of the wild type strain that is much more infective, and the one that your children would most likely catch. By using a weaker virus, the old vaccine strain virus allowed the neutralization to occur much more easily. But still it was not 95% effective.

Thursday, June 21, 2012

Jogging in forest twice as good as trip to gym for mental health


A jog through a forest can cut the risk of suffering from mental health problems and is twice as good for you as working out in the gym, according to a survey.

Researchers found that anything from a stroll in the park to a run through woodland can have a positive effect on people suffering from depression and anxiety.
The study also showed that the positive effect on people's mental health was 50 per cent more than they might expect from going to the gym.
The researchers at Glasgow University looked at natural and non-natural environments for physical activity, including walking, running and cycling, and found that being around trees and grass lowered brain stress levels.
The study, led by Prof Richard Mitchell, polled nearly 2000 physically active people in the 2008 Scottish Health Survey.
Only activities carried out in a natural environment outdoors were found to be associated with a lower risk of poor mental health.

Tuesday, June 19, 2012

Vaccinated children have up to 500% more disease than unvaccinated children

(NaturalNews) Suspicions have been confirmed for those wary of vaccinating their children. A recent large study corroborates other independent study surveys comparing unvaccinated children to vaccinated children.

They all show that vaccinated children have two to five times more childhood diseases, illnesses, and allergies than unvaccinated children.

Originally, the recent still ongoing study compared unvaccinated children against a German national health survey conducted by KiGGS involving over 17,000 children up to age 19. This currently ongoing survey study was initiated by classical homoeopathist Andreas Bachmair.

However, the American connection for Bachmair's study can be found at VaccineInjury.info website that has added a link for parents of vaccinated children to participate in the study. So far this ongoing survey has well over 11,000 respondents, mostly from the U.S.A. Other studies have surveyed smaller groups of families.

Nevertheless, the results were similar. Of course, none of these studies were picked up by the MSM (mainstream media). None were funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) or the World Health Organization (WHO) or any national or international health agency or medical profession group (http://healthimpactnews.com).

They don't dare compare the health of unvaccinated children to vaccinated children objectively and risk disrupting their vaxmania (vaccination mania). The focus for all the studies was mostly on childhood illnesses occurring as the children matured.

Learn more: http://www.naturalnews.com/036220_vaccinated_children_disease_allergies.html#ixzz1yFJGgZHk

Tuesday, June 12, 2012

The cost-effectiveness of chiropractic care vs. medical care

(NaturalNews) With a shaky economy and the unknown future of healthcare in the US, consumers need better options in relieving pain and promoting health. A visit to a medical office for neck or low back pain can quickly progress to medication dependence and thousands of dollars in medical expenses. Chiropractic care is growing in popularity due to its approach to wellness and prevention healthcare, not reaction medicine. As more research reveals the cost-effectiveness of chiropractic care for treating neuromusculoskeletal complaints such as neck and low back pain, more insurances are including it as a covered benefit, and more medical doctors are referring their patients to chiropractors for relief.

Medical care is expensive!

An average visit to a medical office ranges from $60 to $300+ depending on the doctor and nature of the visit. Even with insurance coverage, a deductible or large co-pay can quickly add up to a deep hole in your wallet. You leave the office only to go to a pharmacy to purchase prescription medications that may be harmful and/or addictive. By the end of it all, you owe about $1000 to the medical office because you hurt your back gardening last weekend. The pain medication eases the pain, but does not address the underlying injury by masking it. Once the medication is gone, the pain comes back, and long story short you become addicted to medication. This may sound all too familiar to you or someone you know. For many people this is their current situation,the insurance companies continue to pay pharmaceutical companies to keep producing chemicals to keep up the addiction rates, a vicious cycle.

The opposite view of healthcare

Same situation, but instead of seeing your family doctor for the pain, you decide to see a chiropractor. A typical visit at a chiropractic office costs between $30 and $60. Many chiropractors offer a free or discounted examination and x-rays, something you will never see at a medical office. The chiropractor's goal is to get you out of pain AND fix the underlying issue so the pain doesn't return. Since chiropractors do not use harmful medications, the pain relief may not be instantaneous, and can be discouraging to those looking for a "quick-fix." Initial treatment periods may last a few weeks but the overall cost of care still remains much less than going to see a medical doctor.

Learn more:  http://www.naturalnews.com/036129_chiropractic_medical_care_cost_effectiveness.html#ixzz1xaSqAcgY

'Vitamin D Guide' infographic explains importance of vitamin D for optimal health

(NaturalNews) The vital importance of getting plenty of vitamin D as part of a healthy lifestyle cannot be overstated, and a newly released NaturalNews infographic explains some of the many reasons why vitamin D is crucial to health, as well as how much of it you should be getting.

You can view the infographic here:
http://www.naturalnews.com/Infographic-The-Vitamin-D-Guide.html

Vitamin D can prevent practically every disease known to man

A prohormone, vitamin D is a crucial component of proper development, growth and maintenance of the human body. Without it, the body is prone to develop practically every disease in existence, as vitamin D's metabolic product, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (calcitriol), is responsible for unlocking more than 2,700 binding sites on the human genome (http://www.vitamindcouncil.org/about-vitamin-d/what-is-vitamin-d/).

Vitamin D deficiency, in other words, can lead to high blood pressure, osteoporosis, rickets, depression, diabetes, heart disease, kidney disease, influenza, obesity, hair loss, and cancer.NaturalNewshas covered many of the studies over the years that show this to be true, but now this information is available all in one place on the infographic.

Learn more:http://www.naturalnews.com/036132_vitamin_D_reference_guide_health.html#ixzz1xaRGrc1L

Thursday, June 7, 2012

Six Bodily Tissues That Can Be Regenerated Through Nutrition


8th June 2012
It may come as a surprise to some, especially those with conventional medical training, but the default state of the body is one of ceaseless regeneration.  Without the flame-like process of continual cell turnover within the body – life and death ceaselessly intertwined – the miracle of the human body would not exist.
In times of illness, however, regenerative processes are overcome by degenerative ones. This is where medicine may perform its most noble feat, nudging the body back into balance with foods, herbs, nutrients, healing energies, i.e. healing intention. Today, however, drug-based medicine invariably uses chemicals that have not one iota of regenerative potential; to the contrary, they almost always interfere with bodily self-renewal in order to suppress the symptoms against which they are applied.

Exercising Stops the Mitochondrial Aging Process in Its Tracks


6th June 2012
New research published in the American Journal of Physiology indicates that exercise may minimize, and even reverseage-associated declines in mitochondrial function. [1]  This has wide-ranging implications, as the health of the mitochondriaintimately affect every cell, tissue and organ within the human body.
Mitochondria are known as the “powerhouse” of the cell because they are responsible for producing the body’s primary source of chemical energy: adenosine triphosphate (ATP), but they are also intimately involved in a wide range of other indispensable cellular functions, e.g. neurotransmitter, hormone and RNA/DNA production, which is all the more fascinating considering that they have their own bacteria-like DNA ring completely foreign to our own.

Sunday, June 3, 2012

The Healing Properties of Coconut Water


31st May 2012
Few beverages on this planet are as bio compatible to the human body and its hydration needs as coconut water.  Indeed, coconut water has been reported to have been used for intravenous hydration and resuscitation of critically ill patients in remote regions of the world for over half a century. [1]  It is also an excellent preserving medium for avulsed teeth (and semen!), besting even Hank’s balanced salt solution, a commonly used medical solution. [2]
While some are concerned about the sugar content of this slightly sweet beverage,  recent research shows it actually exhibits blood sugar lowering properties in an experimental model of diabetes. [3]  Additional animal research shows coconut water prevents and reverses high blood pressureassociated with fructose feeding-induced hypertension, as well being able to reduce oxidative stress and insulin resistance. [4]
Perhaps one of the most amazing properties of coconut water is its superior lipid modulating activity in the animal model vis-à-vis the cholesterol-lowering statin drug known as lovastatin. [5] Which means we can, in clear conscience, modify Hippocrates’ famous saying to: “Let What You Drink Be Your Medicine.”

Other medicinal properties of coconut water include

  • Anti-Ulcer Properties:  Both coconut milk and coconut water exhibit potent anti-ulcer activity against chemicals such as indomethacin, a Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drug (NSAID).

Saturday, June 2, 2012

Mass Media Continues Skin Cancer Scare by Vilifying Natural Sunlight, Vitamin D


3rd June 2012
Contributing Writer for Wake Up World
What is one of the biggest threats to health today according to the mainstream media? It’s not the fact that mercury is present in a wide majority of the processed food supply, or even the fact that excessive amounts of radioactive waste is now admitted to have heavily contaminated the Pacific Ocean. No, the number one villain according to the mainstream media is natural sunlight — the very same sunlight that generates vitamin D upon coming into contact with your skin.
Vitamin D has been found to slash your risk of cancer, aid in fat loss, beat fluoride in cavity prevention, and much more. Nonetheless, it appears that the substance is quite threatening as far as the media is concerned.

Wednesday, May 30, 2012

Naturally All-Processed: What Your Energy Bar is Really Packing


31th May 2012
By Andy Burnett
Guest writer for Wake Up World
If eating whole foods such as avocados, walnuts, and black beans sounds relatively normal to you then how do ingredients like fractionated palm kernel oil, soy lecithin, and high fructose corn syrup fit into the same discussion?
The second group of ingredients can be found in a variety of meal replacement bars, otherwise referred to as “nutritious snacks”, “energy bars”, and “protein bars” by the companies who create and distribute these products for profit.
Unfortunately, many of the ingredients found in popular meal replacement bars developed by trusted nutrition companies may disrupt normal bodily functions and are the remnants of an overly processed food supply. Ironic when you consider that many of these bars are purchased, endorsed, or consumed by health conscious athletes, fitness enthusiasts, and food purists – the same group of people who pride themselves on eating a diet rich in those whole foods I mentioned earlier.

Tuesday, May 29, 2012

The Marvelous Health of Unvaccinated Children

Some of the basis of my ability to speak on the marvellous health of unvaccinated children comes from my personal experience as a medical doctor, having collected years of feedback.

“My child began coughing immediately after the vaccination.” 
“He has had constant ear aches since he was vaccinated.”
“My 16 years old daughter is completely unvaccinated. She is almost never sick. If she does get sick, it’s two days at the most.”
“The neighbour’s kids followed normal vaccination guidelines. They are constantly sick and on antibiotics.”
That was not enough upon which to write a book; however. As it would turn out, I found these observations were paralleled over and over again all over the world. Follow me around the planet.
http://www.thehealthyhomeeconomist.com/marvelous-health-of-unvaccinated/

Friday, May 25, 2012

Gross Ingredients In Processed Foods


First it was pink slime. Then, it was crushed cochineal beetles in your favorite strawberry-flavored Starbucks drinks. Briefly, it was tuna scrape. And any day now, it's going to be meat glue.
More than ever before, it seems consumers are demanding to know what's in their food and why.
"I’m beginning to see now that consumers are pushing back," Michael Doyle, Ph.D., director of the Center for Food Safety at the University of Georgia, tells The Huffington Post. "They want more transparency. Pink slime was a great example. It wasn't whether the food was safe or not but, ‘Hey, they're putting ammonia in my ground beef, and I don't like that.'"
Understandable, considering ammonia is usually associated with household cleaners or fertilizers. But not liking ammonia in ground beef is entirely different from ammonia in ground beef hurting our health.
That said, the health concerns "may be moot," HuffPost blogger and director of the Yale Prevention Research Center David Katz, M.D., writes. "If people don't like the idea of eating it, it will go away."
This power of the public to make changes to Big Food has been largely fueled by blogs and social media, says Doyle. "Foodies and people who are maybe more purists in their food are more concerned, spending more time on the blogs," he says. "They use the blogs to get their perspective out and put pressure on the retailers, who put pressure on the processors."

Wednesday, May 23, 2012

Calcium supplements may raise heart attack risk

Taking a calcium supplement to help prevent bones from thinning puts people at a greater risk for heart attacks, says a report out today in the journal Heart.


The study of approximately 24,000 people between the ages of 35 and 64 found participants who took regular calcium supplements were 86% more likely to have a heart attack than those who didn't take supplements. Those who took only calcium supplements were twice as likely to suffer a heart attack as those who didn't take any vitamin supplements. Calcium supplements have been linked to kidney stones and bloating in other studies, according to the National Institutes of Health.
"Calcium supplements have been widely embraced by doctors and the public, on the grounds that they are a natural and therefore safe way of preventing osteoporatic fractures," the authors write. "We should return to seeing calcium as an important component of a balanced diet."
The study, primarily undertaken to determine if calcium supplements modify cardiovascular risk factors, found no direct link between the supplements and heart attacks, nor did they identify brands of supplements. Participants answered questions about their use of supplements and their diet during an 11-year study of their health.
The study did not look at what caused the heart attacks, but the authors write: "Supplements cause calcium levels to soar above the normal range, and it is this flooding effect which might ultimately be harmful."
"Doctors who work with the elderly and people who are postmenopausal routinely tell them to take a calcium supplement," says Linda Russell, a rheumatologist and osteoporosis specialist at Hospital for Special Surgery in New York. "It's really time to re-examine that philosophy. Other studies about calcium have been suggesting this in recent years, but maybe this study really should get doctors to rethink this approach."

Tuesday, May 22, 2012

FDA Promotes Drug That Kills You One Cell At a Time!

I really like this lady. She isn't a doctor or anything but is very level headed.

Oxytocin Improves Brain Function in Children With Autism

Preliminary results from an ongoing, large-scale study by Yale School of Medicine researchers shows that oxytocin - a naturally occurring substance produced in the brain and throughout the body - increased brain function in regions that are known to process social information in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). 

A Yale Child Study Center research team that includes postdoctoral fellow Ilanit Gordon and Kevin Pelphrey, the Harris Associate Professor of Child Psychiatry and Psychology, will present the results on May 19 at the International Meeting for Autism Research. 

"Our findings provide the first, critical steps toward devising more effective treatments for the core social deficits in autism, which may involve a combination of clinical interventions with an administration of oxytocin," said Gordon. "Such a treatment approach will fundamentally improve our understanding of autism and its treatment." 

Social-communicative dysfunctions are a core characteristic of autism, a neurodevelopmental disorder that can have an enormous emotional and financial burden on the affected individual, their families, and society. 

Gordon said that while a great deal of progress has been made in the field of autism research, there remain few effective treatments and none that directly target the core social dysfunction. Oxytocin has recently received attention for its involvement in regulating social abilities because of its role in many aspects of social behavior and social cognition in humans and other species. 

To assess the impact of oxytocin on the brain function, Gordon and her team conducted a first-of-its-kind, double-blind, placebo-controlled study on children and adolescents aged 7 to 18 with ASD. The team members gave the children a single dose of oxytocin in a nasal spray and used functional magnetic resonance brain imaging to observe its effect. 

The team found that oxytocin increased activations in brain regions known to process social information. Gordon said these brain activations were linked to tasks involving multiple social information processing routes, such as seeing, hearing, and processing information relevant to understanding other people. 

Other authors on the study include Randi H. Bennett, Brent C. vander Wyk, James F. Leckman, and Ruth Feldman.
http://www.sott.net/articles/show/245699-Oxytocin-Improves-Brain-Function-in-Children-With-Autism

Professor of Medicine and Cardiologist at Yale University School of Medicine says there is no Scientific Basis to Support Treating LDL Cholesterol


cholesterol3 Professor of Medicine and Cardiologist at Yale University School of Medicine says there is no Scientific Basis to Support Treating LDL Cholesterol
Most medical professionals strongly believe that cholesterol causes heart disease and that treating ‘raised’ cholesterol and bringing it down to a so-called ‘healthy’ level is beneficial for us all. However, I’ve been sceptical about both these ideas for many years now.
I’m not the only one, though, as quite a few individuals have expressed similar doubts about the ‘cholesterol hypothesis’. Because the cholesterol hypothesis is so firmly entrenched in so many people’s minds, and because dissenters are often from the fringes of (or outside) mainstream medicine, any scepticism is relatively easy to dismiss. I think. However, when someone from within the establishment expresses doubts, the impact can be that much greater.
And that’s why I was very interested to read an open letter expressing doubt about the wisdom of current cholesterol management strategies, co-authored by Harlan Krumholz, professor of medicine and cardiologist at the Yale University School of Medicine. The letter, which appeared in the journal Circulation [1], was written to the Adult Treatment Panel – a group of ‘experts’ charged with setting cholesterol guidelines for the American public.
The panel is due to issue new guidelines later this year, and the chances are it will recommend that we keep strong downward pressure on our cholesterol numbers. But not all individuals in the medical and scientific community agree with this approach, and one such dissenter is Professor Krumholz. In the letter, Professor Krumholz and his co-author highlight what I believe to be 3 very important points:
1. There is no scientific basis to support treating to LDL targets
Current recommendations are for people to lower their supposedly unhealthy LDL-cholesterol to a certain level. The problem is, no study has actually tested the benefits of this specific strategy. Professor Krumholz points out that there are many instances where cholesterol reduction has not translated into clinical benefits (e.g. reduced risk of heart disease or death). Actually, all the positive effects of cholesterol reduction appear to be limited to statins. The thing is, though, statins don’t just reduce cholesterol, they have other effects including an anti-inflammatory effect. What this means, in essence, is that the apparent benefits of statins may not be down to their impact on cholesterol, but other effects that have nothing to do with cholesterol.
He also points out that the benefits of statins do not appear to be very related to a person’s LDL levels before treatment. In other words, those with higher LDL do not benefit more than those with lower levels. This again points to the fact that statins probably do not work through cholesterol reduction. In the end, though, as Professor Krumholz points out, it does not matter whether LDL causes heart disease or not. What matters is that LDL levels are actually quite a poor predictor of someone’s risk, and therefore basing treatment decisions on LDL levels does not make sense.
2. The safety of treating to LDL targets has never been proven
So, we know that there’s no scientific basis to treating to a particular LDL level, but Professor Krumholz then goes on to point out that the safety of this practice is not established either. While there is quite a lot of evidence for the relative safety of statins, data in the long term is lacking, as is data on most other cholesterol-reducing agents. Some claim the very fact that cholesterol is being lowered should give us confidence that the benefits will outweigh any harm. However, as Professor Krumholz points out, we have instances where basing treatment decisions on ‘surrogate markers’ has led to harm. He cites examples of where aggressive treatment of diabetes and blood pressure has done more harm than good.
3. Tailored treatment is a simpler, safer, more effective, more evidence-based approach
Professor Krumholz makes the point here that current treatment strategies are inefficient, and that treatment decisions should not be made on the basis of cholesterol levels, but a person’s overall risk of cardiovascular disease. This more holistic approach, by the way, will likely see many people suddenly not ‘needing’ statins or other cholesterol treatments after all, like practically every one of the relatively young, fit, healthy, non-smoking men or women who have turned up a ‘raised’ cholesterol on blood testing.
I don’t expect Professor Krumholz’s views to go down a storm with the medical community and certainly not the drug companies. But I think he should be applauded for standing up and telling what he believes is the truth, even if this flies in the face of conventional ‘wisdom’.
References:
1. Hayward RA, Krumholz HM. Three reasons to abandon low-density lipoprotein targets: an open letter to the Adult Treatment Panel IV of the National Institutes of Health. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2012 Jan;5(1):2-5.